Sales contract of a share of a house by Johannes to Apa Viktor
This Coptic papyrus, measuring 113 cm in length and written in the Sahidic dialect, is a legal contract documenting the sale of a share of a house by a man named Johannes to Apa Viktor. The document follows the formal conventions of early Christian Egyptian legal writing and is composed in a clear cursive hand. Dated to the first half of the 8th century CE, the text offers rare insight into the legal and social frameworks of Coptic communities during this period.
The contract opens with an introductory formula and proceeds to identify the seller, Johannes, and the buyer, the priest Apa Viktor. It carefully describes the property in question — a portion of a house — along with its boundaries and legal status. Johannes declares his full ownership of the share and his willingness to sell it, renouncing all future claims. The buyer is likewise affirmed in his new rights. The contract contains precise legal phrasing, oaths invoking divine witness, and closing formulas consistent with contemporary legal practice.
Notably, the transaction takes place in a Christian context, reflected in the use of religious titles and invocations. The presence of witnesses and a scribe ensures the document’s validity and enforceability. This contract exemplifies the continuity of Roman-style legal procedure in an Egyptian setting shaped by Christian monasticism and early Islamic governance. It highlights the enduring role of written agreements in structuring private property relations in early medieval Egypt.
The papyrus originates from Medinet Habu, a site known for its reuse of earlier temple structures by Coptic monastic communities. By the 7th–8th centuries, Medinet Habu had become a vibrant Christian settlement and monastic hub, explaining the presence of such a document there. Numerous Coptic manuscripts, including legal texts, have been recovered from this area, supporting its role as a local center for documentation and record-keeping.
Islamic Period (642-1252 AD)
8th century
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Thebes/Medinet Habu
Acquisition: Drovetti, Bernardino
Acquisition Date: 1824
1 I, Apa Phebamon, have [illegible, possibly “written” or similar]
I swear by the power of the Holy Trinity, of the co-essential Father, and
the Son and the Holy (Spirit), who is holy, and by the prayers of the martyrs,
5 I ascend to the Bēma (judgment seat) for judgment over our sins, and …
that we do not keep silent about the things of the truth of the Worthy
(namely) these, who are to be witnesses for our work [illegible: possibly “with us”]
… of our works, those that were revealed in the world
through the good word, the work, that is arranged
10 on the path, that is not stained, that is not diverted, that was brought forth
from you, Father Viktor,
the son of the blessed Athanasius, in Shmoun, in the district of the city,
together with Georgios, the son of Johannes, the son
of Elias, the father of Viktor. Your mother is the blessed
15 Doxia. They came to the holy Apa Phebamon, in his
place, with him, while God and the intercession
of the martyrs were among them, on his Bēma (judgment seat),
so that every blessed Christian might serve him,
the place was there. I, Johannes, was the one who
20 first began to write, so that one would recognize what
he had left on the tablet of the place; that was his
place in life. He stepped up to the tomb of Phabe’s father
– it was they who heard the goods – in his house with his
Christian brothers, from the land, above was the heir.
25 This is the inheritance of the people of Jacob, from Andreas,
the priest Jeremias. They were the ones who heard with their
share in the house and with their share in the church and with
their share in the tent and with their share in the city
in the district, in the city, which is not ...
30 There I entered – I, Johannes – I am the one, yes I am Johannes.
There I entered, I received the gift from Georgios.
I brought (it) to the holy Apa Phebamon, the area,
which I fortified – I am the one who went out –, this is the place
of the cotton spinner of the castle. You are the one,
35 Father Viktor, the son of Athanasius, has testified
and handed over the share of Georgios, the son of Ioannes, to his father, in the place,
in his stead, to take it upon himself, with his own witnesses.
He commanded them to give up the inheritance, in favor of the poor.
40 He commanded them not to quarrel about the property or the inheritance,
that belongs to you or to your children or to the children of your children,
that you have reserved for eternity.
Nor should you accept any gift for yourself,
nor should those who live with you in the holy place dare,
45 neither I, Johannes, the least presbyter,
in whom I became with you in this place.
No son, no descendant of mine, neither from my father nor from my mother,
nor any man who assumes your appearance or through a gift
50 from the share of Georgios shall receive anything
in the place where Father Viktor, the son of Athanasius,
has disposed of this inheritance – neither your son nor the son of your son,
nor the son of the father or the mother shall begin with you,
to take possession of the image of your gift
55 nor anyone who looks at it or fears you,
but he shall work as a gardener in the service of the saints,
who belong to Christ, who serve Him –
that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit,
the saints, will not give you the share of Ananias and Saphira,
who fell through the judgment of the Archons
60 in the place where the assembly of the monks is located
with gold and silver offerings, with a request,
that he enter and dwell, who works with labor and oath.
I, Johannes, the legislator of the Holy Father Phebamon,
the Holy Father Phebamon, command: Let no one
65 stay in your community, O Father Viktor, son of Athanasius,
except the one who lives in fear and obedience in the share of Georgios,
the son of Ioannes, in the holy place of Father Phebamon,
who lives with you. And may God strengthen the place with power
for the one who asks, with… (gap)… with gold offerings
70 I am Johannes, the least of the presbyters, of Abbot Phebamon.
I wrote (this) as an act and with my seal.
(Handwriting 2:)
† I am Psere, the son of the blessed Makarios, Presbyter and Hegumenos.
I ask for support for Johannes.
(Handwriting 1:)
† I am Konstantin, the son of the blessed Salomon.
I ask for support.
75 (Handwriting 3:)
I am Pischaate, the son of Elischai.
I ask as a witness. † † †
(Handwriting 1:)
I am Pahash of Elesaios. I ask for support. † † †
† I am Jeremias, the son of the blessed Athanasius,
for support for Johannes.
80 And they gave it to me, from the scribes there, who wrote.
† I am Jeremias, the son of the blessed Athanasius.
I have written this document according to the command of Johannes,
the least of the presbyters. I ask for support.
Susanne Töpfer (ST)
coptic
Contract, Documentary text
agreement, house, sale, land, will
Islamic Period (642-1252 AD)
8th century
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No
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- Rossi, Tre documenti copti, Atti Torinensi 23, 1887/1888, p. 334-351, no 1.
- Crum/Steindorff, Die koptischen Rechtsurkunden aus Theben (1871), pp. 65-68, no. 18.
- Varenbergh, Ventes de parts divises ou indivises d’immeubles et d’appartements dans les actes coptes, AHDO 4 (1949), pp. 163-183.
- Till, Rechtsurkunden, pp. 116-118.
- Hasitzka, Koptisches Sammelbuch II (2004), 943.