Il “papiro dello sciopero” di Torino
Il cosiddetto “papiro dello sciopero” è un documento amministrativo scritto in ieratico (grafia corsiva dell’egiziano antico) che riporta la notizia di uno sciopero durante il regno di Ramesse III. Il testo è stato scritto dallo scriba Amunnakht, autore anche del “papiro delle miniere” e del “progetto della tomba di Ramesse IV”.
Le difficoltà politiche ed economiche che caratterizzano questo periodo storico portano ad una sospensione della razioni dei lavoratori. A causa di questo si avvia un lungo conflitto tra i lavoratori che vivono a Deir el-Medina e le autorità governative. Il primo sciopero è intrapreso nel mese di novembre. I lavoratori prima si rifugiano nella necropoli di Tebe e in seguito nei templi di Tutmosi III e Ramses II Le autorità decidono di accordare agli scioperanti il pagamento delle razioni di grano mensili da loro richieste. Ma alcuni giorni dopo i lavoratori, rifugiatisi nel tempio di Seti I, sono nuovamente in sciopero. Inutile è l’ordine delle autorità di rientrare al villaggio, la protesta continua. I lavoratori chiedono di poter esporre le proprie lamentele, circa le loro povere condizioni di lavoro, direttamente di fronte al faraone.
Il resto del papiro riporta differenti testi. Una testimonianza di un operaio riguardante i crimini di altri tre compagni, un piccolo memorandum sulla morte dello scriba del villaggio, un foglio di presenze, una lista di oggetti dati da Userhat alla sua ex-moglie, diversi giuramenti e testi relativi alla distribuzione delle razioni di grano.
New Kingdom (1539-1077 BC)
Dynasty 20 (1190-1077 BC)
Ramesses III (Usermaatre Meriamun)
Thebes/Deir el-Medina (?)
Acquisizione: Drovetti, Bernardino
Data acquisizione: 1824
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Matthias Müller (MM), Anne-Claude Honnay (ACH, Ramses Online)
Kathrin Gabler (KG)
hieratic
Event
Necropolis, working, temple, strike
New Kingdom (1539-1077 BC)
Dynasty 20 (1190-1077 BC)
Ramesses III (Usermaatre Meriamun)
No
---
Edgerton, in JNES 10, p. 139 (OEB 2837)
Frandsen, in JEA 75, p. 117, 119 (OEB 206710)
Frandsen, in Studies Lichtheim I, pp.
168-176 (OEB 33812)
Gardiner, Ramesside administrative documents, pp.
52-53 no. XVIII (OEB 139987)
Helck, Die datierten und datierbaren Ostraka, p. 309 (OEB 49907)
Müller, in TUAT.NF I, pp. 180 no. 5 (OEB 180335)
Ventura, Living in a city of the dead, pp. 90, 121 (OEB 31525)
Anne-Claude Honnay (ACH, Ramses Online)
Matthias Müller (MM), Kathrin Gabler (KG)
hieratic
Event
working, strike
New Kingdom (1539-1077 BC)
Dynasty 20 (1190-1077 BC)
Ramesses III (Usermaatre Meriamun)
No
---
Edgerton, in JNES 10, p. 139 (OEB 2837)
Frandsen, in JEA 75, p. 117 (OEB 206710)
Frandsen, in Studies Lichtheim I, pp.
176-177 (OEB 33812)
Gardiner, Ramesside administrative documents, pp. 53
no. XVIII (OEB 139987)
Helck, Die datierten und datierbaren Ostraka, p. 309 (OEB 49907)
Müller, in TUAT.NF I, p.180 (OEB 180335)
Ventura, Living in a city of the dead, p. 121 (OEB 31525)
Anne-Claude Honnay (ACH, Ramses Online)
Matthias Müller (MM), Kathrin Gabler (KG)
hieratic
Event
Pharaoh, Necropolis, grain rations, grain, strike, temple, working
New Kingdom (1539-1077 BC)
Dynasty 20 (1190-1077 BC)
Ramesses III (Usermaatre Meriamun)
No
---
Edgerton, in JNES 10, pp. 139–140 (OEB 2837)
Frandsen, in JEA 75, p. 117 (OEB 206710)
Frandsen, in Studies Lichtheim I, pp.
177–179 (OEB 33812)
Gardiner, Ramesside administrative documents, p. 53
no. XVIII (OEB 139987)
Helck, Die datierten und datierbaren Ostraka, p. 309 (OEB 49907)
Müller, in TUAT.NF I, pp.180–181 (OEB 180335)
Anne-Claude Honnay (ACH, Ramses Online)
Matthias Müller (MM), Kathrin Gabler (KG)
hieratic
Event
temple
New Kingdom (1539-1077 BC)
Dynasty 20 (1190-1077 BC)
Ramesses III (Usermaatre Meriamun)
No
---
Edgerton, in JNES 10, p. 142 (OEB 2837)
Frandsen, in Studies Lichtheim I, pp. 179–185 (OEB
33812)
Gardiner, Ramesside administrative documents, p. 54
no. XVIII (OEB 139987)
Helck, Die datierten und datierbaren Ostraka, p. 309 (OEB 49907)
Müller, in TUAT.NF I p. 181 (OEB 180335)
Ventura, Living in a city of the dead, p. 90 (OEB 31525)
Anne-Claude Honnay (ACH, Ramses Online)
Matthias Müller (MM), Kathrin Gabler (KG)
hieratic
Event
workmen, strike, Pharaoh, passing (guard posts), guard post, Necropolis, tomb (private), working
New Kingdom (1539-1077 BC)
Dynasty 20 (1190-1077 BC)
Ramesses III (Usermaatre Meriamun)
No
---
Baer, in Or. 34/4, p. 431 (OEB 11137)
Edgerton, in JNES 10, p. 139 (OEB 2837)
Frandsen, in Studies Lichtheim I, pp.
176-178 (OEB 33812)
Gardiner, Ramesside administrative documents, pp.
52–53 no. XVIII (OEB 139987)
Helck, Die datierten und datierbaren Ostraka, p. 309 (OEB 49907)
Müller, in TUAT.NF I, p. 181–182 (OEB 180335)
Ventura, Living in a city of the dead, pp. 101, 122, 139–140 (OEB 31525)
Anne-Claude Honnay (ACH, Ramses Online)
Kathrin Gabler (KG), Matthias Müller (MM)
hieratic
Event
workmen, grain rations, festival, statue, working, strike, superiors
New Kingdom (1539-1077 BC)
Dynasty 20 (1190-1077 BC)
Ramesses III (Usermaatre Meriamun)
No
---
Edgerton, in JNES 10, p. 140 (OEB 2837)
Frandsen, in Studies Lichtheim I, pp. 188–192 (OEB 33812)
Gardiner, Ramesside administrative documents, p. 53 no. XVIII (OEB 139987)
Helck, Die datierten und datierbaren Ostraka, p. 313 (OEB 49907)
Müller, in TUAT.NF I, p. 182 (OEB 180335)
Ventura, Living in a city of the dead, p. 101 (OEB 31525
Rosmorduc, in Aere Perennius, pp. 677-683 (OEB 233180)
Vernus, in RdÉ XXXII, pp. x (OEB 22920)
Anne-Claude Honnay (ACH, Ramses Online)
Matthias Müller (MM), Kathrin Gabler (KG)
hieratic
Event
workmen, grain, river-bank, strike, working
New Kingdom (1539-1077 BC)
Dynasty 20 (1190-1077 BC)
Ramesses III (Usermaatre Meriamun)
No
---
Allam, Hieratische Ostraka und Papyri, p. 310, no. 276
(OEB 16032)
Edgerton, in JNES 10, p. 141 (OEB 2837)
Frandsen, in JEA 75, pp. 115, 122 (OEB 206710)
Frandsen, in Studies Lichtheim I, pp. 189–192 (OEB
33812)
Gardiner, Ramesside administrative documents, pp.
56–57 no. XVIII (OEB 139987)
Helck, Die datierten und datierbaren Ostraka, p. 314 (OEB 49907)
Müller, TUAT.NF I, p. 182 (OEB 180335)
Ventura, Living in a city of the dead, pp. 102,
122–123 (OEB 31525)
Anne-Claude Honnay (ACH, Ramses Online)
Matthias Müller (MM), Kathrin Gabler (KG)
hieratic
Event
strike, passing (guard posts), gang, grain, guard post, temple, working
New Kingdom (1539-1077 BC)
Dynasty 20 (1190-1077 BC)
Ramesses III (Usermaatre Meriamun)
No
---
Edgerton, in JNES 10, p. 141 (OEB 2837)
Frandsen, in JEA 75, p. 115 (OEB 206710)
Frandsen, in Studies Lichtheim I, p. 192 (OEB
33812)
Gardiner, Ramesside administrative documents, p. 57
no. XVIII (OEB 139987)
Helck, Die datierten und datierbaren Ostraka, p. 314 (OEB 49907)
Müller, in TUAT.NF I, p. 183 (OEB 180335)
Ventura, Living in a city of the dead, p. 123 (OEB 31525)
Anne-Claude Honnay (ACH, Ramses Online)
Matthias Müller (MM), Kathrin Gabler (KG)
hieratic
Event, Note, Memorandum
death
New Kingdom (1539-1077 BC)
Dynasty 20 (1190-1077 BC)
Ramesses III (Usermaatre Meriamun)
No
---
Edgerton, in JNES 10, p. 142 (OEB 2837)
Gardiner, Ramesside administrative documents, p. 58
no. XVIII (OEB 139987)
Helck, Die datierten und datierbaren Ostraka, p. 314 (OEB 49907)
Müller, in TUAT.NF I, p. 184 (OEB 180335)
Anne-Claude Honnay (ACH, Ramses Online)
Kathrin Gabler (KG), Matthias Müller (MM)
hieratic
Juridical text
complaint, working
New Kingdom (1539-1077 BC)
Dynasty 20 (1190-1077 BC)
Ramesses III (Usermaatre Meriamun)
No
---
Edgerton, in JNES 10, pp. 141–142 (OEB
2837)
Frandsen, in Studies Lichtheim I, pp.
193–199 (OEB
33812)
Gardiner, Ramesside administrative documents, pp.
57–58 no. XVIII (OEB
139987)
Helck, Die datierten und datierbaren Ostraka, p.
314 (OEB 49907)
McDowell, Village Life in Ancient Egypt, pp.
192–193, no. 147 (OEB 40440)
Müller, in TUAT.NF I, p. 183 (OEB
180335)
Anne-Claude Honnay (ACH, Ramses Online)
Matthias Müller (MM), Kathrin Gabler (KG)
hieratic
Juridical text
working, complaint, tomb (royal)
New Kingdom (1539-1077 BC)
Dynasty 20 (1190-1077 BC)
Ramesses III (Usermaatre Meriamun)
No
---
Edgerton, in JNES 10, p. 142 (OEB 2837)
Gardiner, Ramesside administrative documents, p. 58
no. XVIII (OEB 139987)
Helck, Die datierten und datierbaren Ostraka, p. 314 (OEB 49907)
McDowell, Village Life in Ancient Egypt, p. 36, no. 12 (OEB 40440)
Müller, in TUAT.NF I, p. 184 (OEB 180335)
Anne-Claude Honnay (ACH, Ramses Online)
Kathrin Gabler (KG), Matthias Müller (MM)
hieratic
Legal text, Memorandum
deposition, oil
New Kingdom (1539-1077 BC)
Dynasty 20 (1190-1077 BC)
Ramesses III (Usermaatre Meriamun)
No
---
Edgerton, in JNES 10, p. 142 (OEB 2837)
Gardiner, Ramesside administrative documents, p. 58 no. XVIII (OEB 139987)
Helck, Die datierten und datierbaren Ostraka, p. 318 (OEB 49907)
Müller, in TUAT.NF I, p. 184 (OEB 180335)
Ventura, Living in a city of the dead, p. 123 (OEB 31525)
Anne-Claude Honnay (ACH, Ramses Online)
Kathrin Gabler (KG), Matthias Müller (MM)
hieratic
List
service personnel (smd.t)
New Kingdom (1539-1077 BC)
Dynasty 20 (1190-1077 BC)
Ramesses III (Usermaatre Meriamun)
No
---
Edgerton, in JNES 10, p. 142 (OEB 2837)
Gardiner, Ramesside administrative documents, pp. 45–46 no. XVIII (OEB 139987)
Müller, in TUAT.NF I, p. 176 (OEB 180335)
Anne-Claude Honnay (ACH, Ramses Online)
Kathrin Gabler (KG), Matthias Müller (MM)
hieratic
List
service personnel (smd.t)
New Kingdom (1539-1077 BC)
Dynasty 20 (1190-1077 BC)
Ramesses III (Usermaatre Meriamun)
No
---
Černý, Community of workmen, pp. 188–189 (OEB 16154)
Edgerton, in JNES 10, p. 142 (OEB 2837)
Gardiner, Ramesside administrative documents, pp.
46–47 no. XVIII (OEB 139987)
Helck, Die datierten und datierbaren Ostraka, p. 304 (OEB 49907)
Müller, in TUAT.NF I, pp. 176–177 (OEB 180335)
Anne-Claude Honnay (ACH, Ramses Online)
Matthias Müller (MM), Kathrin Gabler (KG)
hieratic
List
payment, oath, property
New Kingdom (1539-1077 BC)
Dynasty 20 (1190-1077 BC)
Ramesses III (Usermaatre Meriamun)
No
---
Allam, Hieratische Ostraka und Papyri, pp. 310-312,
no. 276 (OEB 16032)
Černý, Community of workmen, pp. 185-186,
188 (OEB
16154)
Edgerton, in JNES 10, pp. 142-143 (OEB 2837)
Gardiner, Ramesside administrative documents, pp.
47-48 no. XVIII (OEB 139987)
Helck, Die datierten und datierbaren Ostraka, p. 306 (OEB 49907)
McDowell, Village Life in Ancient Egypt, pp. 235-236, no. 187 (OEB 40440)
Müller, in TUAT.NF I, pp. 176–177 (OEB 180335)
Anne-Claude Honnay (ACH, Ramses Online)
Kathrin Gabler (KG), Matthias Müller (MM)
hieratic
Oath
oath, service personnel (smd.t)
New Kingdom (1539-1077 BC)
Dynasty 20 (1190-1077 BC)
Ramesses III (Usermaatre Meriamun)
No
---
Edgerton, in JNES 10, p. 143 (OEB 2837)
Gardiner, Ramesside administrative documents, p. 49
no. XVIII (OEB 139987)
Helck, Die datierten und datierbaren Ostraka, p. 306 (OEB 49907)
Müller, in TUAT.NF I, pp. 178 (OEB 180335)
Polis, in Ramesside Stories, pp. 387–401 (OEB 163070)
Anne-Claude Honnay (ACH, Ramses Online)
Matthias Müller (MM), Kathrin Gabler (KG)
hieratic
Note
workmen, passing (guard posts), Necropolis, temple
New Kingdom (1539-1077 BC)
Dynasty 20 (1190-1077 BC)
Ramesses III (Usermaatre Meriamun)
No
---
Edgerton, in JNES 10, p. 143 (OEB 2837)
Frandsen, in JEA 75, p. 117 (OEB 206710)
Gardiner, Ramesside administrative documents, p. 49
no. XVIII (OEB 139987)
Helck, Die datierten und datierbaren Ostraka, p. 309 (OEB 49907)
Müller, in TUAT.NF I, p. 178 (OEB 180335)
Ventura, Living in a city of the dead, p. 121 (OEB 31525)
Anne-Claude Honnay (ACH, Ramses Online)
Matthias Müller (MM), Kathrin Gabler (KG)
hieratic
Delivery
bread, cakes
New Kingdom (1539-1077 BC)
Dynasty 20 (1190-1077 BC)
Ramesses III (Usermaatre Meriamun)
No
---
Edgerton, in JNES 10, p. 143 (OEB 2837)
Gardiner, Ramesside administrative documents, pp.
48-49 no. XVIII (OEB 139987)
Helck, Die datierten und datierbaren Ostraka, p. 308 (OEB 49907)
Müller, in TUAT.NF I, p. 178 (OEB 180335)
Anne-Claude Honnay (ACH, Ramses Online)
Matthias Müller (MM), Kathrin Gabler (KG)
hieratic
Distribution
grain rations
New Kingdom (1539-1077 BC)
Dynasty 20 (1190-1077 BC)
Ramesses III (Usermaatre Meriamun)
No
---
Edgerton, in JNES 10, p. 144 (OEB 2837)
Gardiner, Ramesside administrative documents, p. 50
no. XVIII (OEB 139987)
Helck, Die datierten und datierbaren Ostraka, p. 310 (OEB 49907)
Müller, in TUAT.NF I, p. 178 (OEB 180335)
Anne-Claude Honnay (ACH, Ramses Online)
Matthias Müller (MM), Kathrin Gabler (KG)
hieratic
Delivery
vegetables
New Kingdom (1539-1077 BC)
Dynasty 20 (1190-1077 BC)
Ramesses III (Usermaatre Meriamun)
No
---
Edgerton, in JNES 10, p. 143 (OEB 2837)
Gardiner, Ramesside administrative documents, pp. 50–51 no. XVIII (OEB 139987)
Müller, in TUAT.NF I, pp. 178–179 (OEB 180335)
Anne-Claude Honnay (ACH, Ramses Online)
Matthias Müller (MM), Kathrin Gabler (KG)
hieratic
Delivery
water
New Kingdom (1539-1077 BC)
Dynasty 20 (1190-1077 BC)
Ramesses III (Usermaatre Meriamun)
No
---
Edgerton, in JNES 10, p. 144 (OEB 2837)
Gardiner, Ramesside administrative documents, p. 51 no. XVIII (OEB 139987)
Müller, in TUAT.NF I, p. 179 (OEB 180335)
Anne-Claude Honnay (ACH, Ramses Online)
Matthias Müller (MM), Kathrin Gabler (KG)
hieratic
Report
strike, temple
Thebes (niw.t)
New Kingdom (1539-1077 BC)
Dynasty 20 (1190-1077 BC)
Ramesses III (Usermaatre Meriamun)
No
---
Edgerton, in JNES 10, p. 144 (OEB 2837)
Gardiner, Ramesside administrative documents, pp.
51-52 no. XVIII (OEB 139987)
Helck, Die datierten und datierbaren Ostraka, p. 315 (OEB 49907)
Müller, in TUAT.NF I, p. 179 (OEB 180335)
Anne-Claude Honnay (ACH, Ramses Online)
Kathrin Gabler (KG), Matthias Müller (MM)
hieratic
Delivery
fish
New Kingdom (1539-1077 BC)
Dynasty 20 (1190-1077 BC)
Ramesses III (Usermaatre Meriamun)
No
---
Edgerton, in JNES 10, p. 144, note 58 (OEB 2837)
Gardiner, Ramesside administrative documents, p. 52 no. XVIII (OEB 139987)
Müller, in TUAT.NF I, p. 179 (OEB 180335)
